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Monoclonal Antibodies 

  •  An antigen is a substance capable of causing an immune response leading to production of antibodies.
  •  Antibodies are antigen specific and will only bind to the antigen that initiated their production .
  •  Polyclonal Antibodies are produced by many clones of B-cells.Antigen specific.
  • Polyclonal antibodies produced  in animals.
  •   Monoclonal Antibodies are immunoglobulin which is produced by animal cells artificially in tissue culture and their name suggests the antibody produced comes from a single cell clone. 
  • Monoclonal Antibodies are produce in large amount by a method  called hybridoma Technology.
  • Hybridoma technology is devised by George kohler & cesar Milstein in 1975.
  • Monoclonal Antibodies have monovalent affinity i.e. bind to the same and single epitope ,part of antigen that recognized by antibody.                                                                             
  •  Process of Production-   
  • First ,rat is treated with antigen and then produce antibodies after that spleen cells are pick up from rat and myeloma cell (cancer cells of plasma cell) from patient.
  • Spleen cell & myeloma cells membrane is fused when polyethylene glycol(polyether compound) is used .
  • Fused Cells are transferred in the HAT(hypoxanthine ,aminopterin thymidine) medium,selective for fused cell called hybridomas.
  • Hypoxanthine is derivatives of purine & aminopterin is analogs of folic acid and inhibit the activity of dihydrofolate reductase(DHFR) .
  • Unfused myeloma cell does not grow in HAT medium why ? answer is that myeloma cells lost HGPRT (Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase),an enzyme that responsable for synthesis of purine nucleotides or nucleic acid synthesis.
  • Deficiancy of HGPRT cause Leshnyhan syndrome.
  • Unfused Spleen cells too not grow in HAT medium why? because their short life span.
  • Hybridomas are grow in medium and properly check the growth after that produce the antibody ,harvested it.
      Application of Monoclonal antibodies-
  •  Monoclonal antibody Hugely used in the treatment of cancer .
  • Mechanism -Normal cells of the body has minimum no. of growth factor receptor(EGFR) and these cells has more EGFR after  defect in regulation of cell cycle,cancer cells.
  • More EGFR surface of cells(cancer cells) is bind with Epidermal growth factor , cells divide rapidly .
  • These Monoclonal Antibodies bind to EGFR of cancer cells and block the intracellular cascade  by which rapid division of the cells is reduced .    





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